Luciola cruciata luciferase



Luciferase is a class of enzymes producing light through the process of bioluminescence. Luciola cruciata luciferase, or Japanese firefly luciferase, catalyses a reaction of adenylation and then an oxydative decarboxylation, changing luciferin to oxyluciferin and thus emitting light. This protein is constituted of two main domains separated by a cleft.

Chemical reaction
The enzyme catalyses the production of light, using two different conformation to catalyze two half-reactions (in the case of firefly Luciferase).


 * luciferin + ATP → luciferyl adenylate + PPi


 * luciferyl adenylate + O2 → Oxyluciferin + AMP + light

The first half-reaction is an adenylation, the second one is an oxydative decarboxylation.

The production of light is achieved by the conversion of chemical energy into an emission of photons, resulting from the passage of the oxyluciferin's excitation state to a ground state.

Structure
2D1R is a 1 chain structure of sequence from Luciola cruciata. Full crystallographic information is available from OCA. The protein is shown here bound with two products, adenosine 5'-phosphate (AMP) and oxyluciferine.

It weights 62 kDa and is constituted of two main domains, a large N-terminal domain and a small C-terminal domain, separated by a cleft and linked by a hinge. The N-ter domain (residues 1-436) is made of a β-barrel and two β-sheets, flanked by α-helices, thus forming an αβαβα five-layered structure. The C-ter domain (residues 440-550) forms a small α+ β domain.

There are two conformational states, one when the enzyme is substrate-free, and the other one product-bound (whose structure is represented on this page). The transition is achieved by a 90° counterclockwise rotation of the C-domain relative to the N-domain

Sequence similarities
The firefly luciferase shares homologuous sequences and mechanisms with the peptide synthetases and acyl-CoA ligases, with a very few residues always conserved. The firefly luciferase belongs to the super-family of acyl-adenylate-forming and thioester-forming enzymes.

But the firefly luciferase also have caracteristic sequences found in no other nucleotide-binding proteins, such as a motif responsible for the binding of ATP.

Spectral difference with mutated luciferases
The colour changes from the classical yellow-green colour to red with the substitution of a single amino acid, Ser286 to Asn, in the S286N mutant. The active site (and the residue Ile288) is less potent to effectue it's conformational change to the closed state, which was providing an extremely hydrophobic environment. This is then allowing an energy loss, and the product will emit lower energy light, with a wavelength moved to the red. Further mutations proved that the amino acid residue at position 288 is influencing the wavelength of the light emitted. 

High-energy intermediate analogue
Generally, firefly luciferases have some similarities with Acyl-CoA ligases and some peptide synthetases despite having different cellular effects. In fixing the structure of L. cruciata luciferase, the analog of a potent aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (DLSA) was successfuly utilized to represent a stable oxyluciferin intermediate. . on 2d1s (see right image). The DLSA occupied the active site of the luciferase, which is composed of an α-helix (residues 248-260) and four short β-sheets (residues 286-289, 313-316, 339-342 and 351-353. Ile288 has been implicated as an important residue in determining the hydrophobicity of the active site environment, and through orientation of the product oxyluciferin, the bioluminescent colour..

Applications of the luciferase
In genetic engineering, the Luciferase gene may be used as a good reporter gene, e.g. in expression vectors, for the sensibility it provides, its ease of use, instant quantification, "environment friendliness" and cost efficiency. Luciferase can be used to measure ATP It can also be used to study the action of general anesthetics, which are inhibiting it. The applications for luciferase are very diverse.

Biology
The bioluminescent systems in the living organisms are very diverse (for example the luciferase has a different structure and catalyses a reaction in one step in the bacteria), so it is thought that they appeared separately in the course of evolution. In general fireflies use bioluminescence to locate other individuals for mating, or to lure other species which are their preys. In the larvae, it is a warning signal for the predators, implying the presence of toxins. Bioluminescence is thus utilized by several nocturnal japanese firely species during mate selection, with males and females illuminating equally. Several common signals appear to be used to communicate everything from "male awaiting a mate" to "female here". While the reaction is quite similiar to that of other bioluminescent luciferases, firefly luciferase has a unique structure in both the protein and luciferin required to produce the bioluminescence. In research, the firefly luciferase from Luciola cruciata is one of many commonly utilized for such purposes as such as sensing cellular ATP levels or visualizing the effects of a promoter sequence, among several others.

Luciferase Control
As the structure of luciferases differ between species, so does the method of control over the bioluminescent reaction. In L. polyedrum, a marine dinoflagellate responsible for some red tides, a pH-dependant mechanism at the protein level appears to be responsible for control of bioluminescence. With fireflies however, the reaction is under at least some form of nervous control, with the insect controlling flashes through the use of nitric oxide.

3D structures of luciferase
Luciferase

External Resources

 * Protein Data Bank file on 2D1R


 * Protein Data Bank file on 2D1S


 * NCBI protein entry on Photinus pyralis luciferase, the american firefly